Plant Physiology 161: 1903-1917 (2013)

Spatiotemporal seed development analysis provides insight into primary dormancy induction and evolution of the Lepidium DELAY OF GERMINATION1 Genes ^[W][OA]

School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom (KG, AV, GLM);
Web: 'The Seed Biology Place' - www.seedbiology.eu
University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Biology II, Botany/Plant Physiology, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (KG, AV, ABM, GLM)
Universität Osnabrück, Fachbereich Biologie, Botanik, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany (KS, KM)

Received December 24, 2012; Accepted Feburary 19, 2013; Published Feburary 20, 2013.
DOI:10.1104/pp.112.213298

Abstract
Seed dormancy is a block to the completion of germination of an intact viable seed under favorable conditions and is an adaptive and agronomically important trait. Thus, elucidating conserved features of dormancy mechanisms is of great interest. The worldwide-distributed genus Lepidium (Brassicaceae) is well suited for cross-species comparisons investigating the origin of common or specific early-life-history traits. We show here that homologs of the seed dormancy-specific gene DELAY OF GERMINATION1 (DOG1) from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) are widespread in the genus Lepidium. The highly dormant Lepidium papillosum is a polyploid species and possesses multiple structurally diversified DOG1 genes (LepaDOG1), some being expressed in seeds. We used the largely elongated and well-structured infructescence of L. papillosum for studying primary dormancy induction during seed development and maturation with high temporal resolution. Using simultaneous germination assays and marker protein expression detection, we show that LepaDOG1 proteins are expressed in seeds during maturation prior to dormancy induction. Accumulation of LepaDOG1 takes place in seeds that gain premature germinability before and during the seed-filling stage and declines during the late maturation and desiccation phase when dormancy is induced. These analyses of the Lepidium DOG1 genes and their protein expression patterns highlight similarities and species-specific differences of primary dormancy induction mechanism(s) in the Brassicaceae.

Key words: DOG1 gene evolution, seed dormancy induction, Lepidium polyploidization, seed germination, seed development and maturation.

Financial support: This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, (grant nos. LE720/7 and MU1137/7–1 to GLM and KM, respectively).